This course explores European history from the Russian Revolution to the Second World War by focusing on the brutal dictatorships that emerged in Bolshevik Russia, the Stalinist Soviet Union, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Key themes include: communist and fascist ideology; personalities of the dictators (Lenin, Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler); the role of terror, state violence and resistance in everyday life; societal responses to the dictatorships, including women and minority groups; the nature of the Second World War; and the Holocaust.